2.What are the uses of using keyword?
There are two uses of using keyword in C#
a) Using as Directive in C# can be used for importing namespaces to your classes. Everybody knows this.

b)Another most useful advantage is it can be used in codeblocks what is does is it calls the Dispose() method automatically to release the resources and also automatically implements the try catch blocks for you.Here it is called a using statement.So the advantage is that we dont have to explicitly write a try-catch block and our code looks small.

Persistent cookies are stored on your computer hard disk. They stay on your hard disk and can be accessed by web servers until they are deleted or have expired. Persistentcookies are not affected by your browser setting that deletes temporary files when you close your browser.

Non-persistent cookies are saved only while your web browser is running. They can be used by a web server only until you close your browser. They are not saved on your disk. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 can be configured to accept non-persistent cookies but reject persistent cookies.

The priest goes up first and says” well god I am a priest I am ur humble servant and have spent all my life working to
spread ur message.”

The doctor goes up next and says ” well I am a doctor and I have helped thousands of people recover from there illnesses and saved countless lives.”

The Software Engineer goes up and says ” well I have spend my full life to Develop,Design,Test the software ” AND
before the Software Engineer could say any further the heavens gate open and god comes out and says to the Software Engineer & Say “no more son” come with me coz u have already been through hell.”

Moral of the story: Software Engineer always land up in heaven cause their mortal life is hell. so all us do anything, our place in heaven is fixed

” Tech Support: “What does it say?”

Customer: “Something about an error and non-system disk.”

Tech Support: “Look at your machine. Is there a floppy inside?”

Customer: “No, but there’s a sticker saying there’s an Intel inside.”

A Web page is recreated every time it is posted back to the server. In traditional Web programming, this means that all the information within the page and information in the controls is lost with each round trip. To overcome this limitation of traditional Web programming, the ASP.NET page framework includes various options to help us preserve changes.There are two ways for manage web Application state. 

1. Client-side State Management
2. Server-side State Management

Client-side State Management

Cookies

A cookie is a small amount of data stored either in a text file on the client’s file system or in-memory in the client browser session. Cookies are mainly used for tracking data settings. Let’s take an example: say we want to customize a welcome web page; when the user requests the default web page, the application firsts detects if the user has logged in before; we can retrieve the user information from cookies, in this case.

Hidden Fields

The default way of saving the state of data is to use HTML hidden fields. A hidden field stores text data with the HTML <input type="hidden">. A hidden field will not be visible in the browser, but we can set its properties just like we set properties for other standard controls. When a page is posted to the server, the content of a hidden field is sent in the HTTP Form collection along with the values of other controls. In order for hidden field values to be available during page processing, we must submit the page.

ViewState

The Control.ViewState property provides a way for retaining values between multiple requests for the same page. This is the method that the page uses to preserve page and control property values between round trips. When a page is processed, the current state of the page and the controls is hashed into a string and saved in the page as a hidden field. When the page is posted back to the server, the page parses the view state string at page initialization and restores property information in the page.

Query Strings

Query strings provide a simple but limited way of maintaining some state information. You can easily pass information from one page to another, but most browsers and client devices impose a 255-character limit on the length of the URL. In addition, the query values are exposed to the Internet via the URL, so in some cases, security may be an issue. A URL with query strings may look like this: http://myapplication.com/listing.aspx?group=1&item=1.

Server-side State Management

Application Object

The Application object provides a mechanism for storing data that is accessible to all code running within the Web application. The ideal data to insert into application state variables is data that is shared by multiple sessions and which does not change often. And just because it is visible to the entire application, you need to use the Lock and UnLock methods to avoid having conflict values.

Session Object

The Session object can be used for storing session-specific information that needs to be maintained between server round trips and between requests for pages. The Session object is on a per-client basis, which means different clients generate different Session objects. The ideal data to store in session-state variables is short-lived, sensitive data that is specific to an individual session.

Using Database

Maintaining state using database is a very common method when storing user-specific information where the information store is large. Database storage is particularly useful for maintaining long-term state or state that must be preserved even if the server must be restarted. The database approach is often used along with cookies. For example, when a user access an application, he might need to enter a username/password to log in. You can look up the user in your database and then pass a cookie to the user. The cookie might contain only the ID of the user in your database. You can then use the cookie in the requests that follow to find the user information in the database, as needed.

The contents of the App_Data folder will not be returned in response to direct HTTP requests.
4. What is Script injection?
A script injection attack attempts to send executable script to your application with the intent of having other users run it. A typical script  injection attack sends script to a page that stores the script in a database, so that another user who views the data inadvertently runs the code.
5. What is SQL injection?
A SQL injection attack attempts to compromise your database by creating SQL commands that are executed instead of, or in addition to, the commands that you have built into your application.

6. What are the best practices to keep in mind when accepting user input on a web application?
1. Always use validation controls whenever possible to limit user input to acceptable values.
2. Always check the IsValid property of the aspx page. Run the server side code only if the IsValid property value is true. A value of false means that one or more validation controls have failed a validation check.
3. Always perform server side validation irrespective of client side validation  being performed or not. This will protect your web application even if the client has by passed the client side validation by disabling  javascript in the web browser.
4. Also make sure to re validate  user input in the business logic  layer of your application.
7. What are the steps to follow to avoid Script Injection attacks?
1. Encode user input with the HtmlEncode method. This method turns HTML into its text representation.
2. If you are using the GridView control with bound fields, set the BoundField object’s HtmlEncode property to true. This causes the GridView control to encode user input when the row is in edit mode.
8. What are the steps to follow to avoid SQL Injection attacks?
Always use parameterized queries or stored procedures instead of creating SQL commands by concatenating strings together.
9. Can you encrypt view state data of an aspx page?
Yes, you encrypt view state data of an aspx page by setting the page’s ViewStateEncryptionMode property to true.

10. What do you mean by saying a “class is a reference type”?
A class is a reference type means when an object of the class is created, the variable to which the object is assigned holds only a reference to that memory. When the object reference is assigned to a new variable, the new variable refers to the original object. Changes made through one variable are reflected in the other variable because they both refer to the same data.
11. What do you mean by saying a “struct is a value type”?
A struct is a value type mean when a struct is created; the variable to which the struct is assigned holds the struct’s actual data. When the struct is assigned to a new variable, it is copied. The new variable and the original variable therefore contain two separate copies of the same data. Changes made to one copy do not affect the other copy.
12. When do you generally use a class over a struct?
A class is used to model more complex behavior, or data that is intended to be modified after a class object is created. A struct is best suited for small data structures that contain primarily data that is not intended to be modified after the struct is created.
13. List the 5 different access modifiers in C#?
1. public
2. protected
3. internal
4. protected internal
5. private
14. If you donot specify an access modifier for a method, what is the default access modifier?
private
15. Classes and structs support inheritance. Is this statement true or false?
False, Only classes support inheritance. structs donot support inheritance.
16. If a class derives from another class, will the derived class automatically contain all the public, protected, and internal members of the base class?
Yes, the derived class will automatically contain all the public, protected, and internal members of the base class except its constructors and destructors.
17. Can you create an instance for an abstract class?
No, you cannot create an instance for an abstract class.

18. How do you prevent a class from being inherited by another class?
Use the sealed keyword to prevent a class from being inherited by another class.
19. Classes and structs can be declared as static, Is this statement true or false?
False, only classes can be declared as static and not structs.
20. Can you create an instance of a static class?
No, you cannot create an instance of a static class.
21. Can a static class contain non static members?
No, a static class can contain only static members.

22. Is the following code legal?
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()   {   }
public void Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber)
{    int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber;   }
public int Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber)
{    int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber;   }
}
}
No, The above code does not compile. You cannot overload a method based on the return type. To overload a method in C# either the number or type of parameters should be different. In general the return type of a method is not part of the signature of the method for the purposes of method overloading. However, it is part of the signature of the method when determining the compatibility between a delegate and the method that it points to.
23. What is the difference between method parameters and method arguments. Give an example?
In the example below FirstNumber and SecondNumber are method parameters where as FN and LN are method arguments. The method definition specifies the names and types of any parameters that are required. When calling code calls the method, it provides concrete values called arguments for each parameter. The arguments must be compatible with the parameter type but the argument name (if any) used in the calling code does not have to be the same as the parameter named defined in the method.
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{    int FN = 10;    int SN = 20;    //FN and LN are method arguments
int Total = Sum(FN, SN);    Console.WriteLine(Total);
}
//FirstNumber and SecondNumber are method parameters
public static int Sum(int FirstNumber, int SecondNumber)
{    int Result = FirstNumber + SecondNumber;    return Result;    }
}
}
24. Explain the difference between passing parameters by value and passing parameters by reference with an example?
We can pass parameters to a method by value or by reference. By default all value types are passed by value where as all reference types are passed by reference. By default, when a value type is passed to a method, a copy is passed instead of the object itself. Therefore, changes to the argument have no effect on the original copy in the calling method.An example is shown below.
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{    int I = 10;    int K = Function(I);     Console.WriteLine(“I = ” + I);    Console.WriteLine(“K = ” + K);   }
public static int Function(int Number)
{    int ChangedValue = Number + 1;    return ChangedValue;   }
}}

By default, reference types are passed by reference. When an object of a reference type is passed to a method, the reference points to the original object, not a copy of the object. Changes made through this reference will therefore be reflected in the calling method. Reference types are created by using the class keyword as shown in the example below.
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
ReferenceTypeExample Object = new ReferenceTypeExample();
Object.Number = 20;
Console.WriteLine(“Original Object Value = ” + Object.Number);
Function(Object);
Console.WriteLine(“Object Value after passed to the method= ” + Object.Number);
}
public static void Function(ReferenceTypeExample ReferenceTypeObject)
{    ReferenceTypeObject.Number = ReferenceTypeObject.Number + 5;   }
}
class ReferenceTypeExample
{   public int Number;  }
}
25. Can you pass value types by reference to a method?
Yes, we can pass value types by by reference to a method. An example is shown below.
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{    int I = 10;    Console.WriteLine(“Value of I before passing to the method = ” + I);
Function(ref I);    Console.WriteLine(“Value of I after passing to the method by reference= ” + I);
}
public static void Function(ref int Number)
{    Number = Number + 5;   }
}
}
26. If a method’s return type is void, can you use a return keyword in the method?
Yes, Even though a method’s return type is void, you can use the return keyword to stop the execution of the method as shown in the example below.
using System;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{

public static void Main()
{    SayHi();   }
public static void SayHi()
{    Console.WriteLine(“Hi”);    return;    Console.WriteLine(“This statement will never be executed”);   }
}
}

27. Explain polymorphism in C# with a simple example?
Polymorphism allows you to invoke derived class methods through a base class reference during run-time. An example is shown below.
using System;
public class DrawingObject
{
public virtual void Draw()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a drawing object.”); }
}
public class Triangle : DrawingObject
{

public override void Draw()

{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a Triangle.”); }
}
public class Circle : DrawingObject
{

public override void Draw() { Console.WriteLine(“I am a Circle.”); }
}
public class Rectangle : DrawingObject
{
public override void Draw()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a Rectangle.”); }
}
public class DrawDemo
{
public static void Main()
{
DrawingObject[] DrawObj = new DrawingObject[4];
DrawObj[0] = new Triangle();
DrawObj[1] = new Circle();
DrawObj[2] = new Rectangle();
DrawObj[3] = new DrawingObject();
foreach (DrawingObject drawObj in DrawObj)
{ drawObj.Draw(); }
}
}
28. When can a derived class override a base class member?
A derived class can override a base class member only if the base class member is declared as virtual or abstract.
29. What is the difference between a virtual method and an abstract method?
A virtual method must have a body where as an abstract method should not have a body.
30. Can fields inside a class be virtual?
No, Fields inside a class cannot be virtua. Only methods, properties, events and indexers can be virtual.
31. Give an example to show for hiding base class methods?
Use the new keyword to hide a base class method in the derived class as shown in the example below.
using System;
public class BaseClass
{
public virtual void Method()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a base class method.”); }
}
public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{

public new void Method()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a child class method.”); }
public static void Main()
{ DerivedClass DC = new DerivedClass(); DC.Method(); }
}
32. Can you access a hidden base class method in the derived class?
Yes, Hidden base class methods can be accessed from the derived class by casting the instance of the derived class to an instance of the base class as shown in the example below.
using System;
public class BaseClass
{
public virtual void Method()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a base class method.”); }
}
public class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{

public new void Method()
{ Console.WriteLine(“I am a child class method.”); }
public static void Main()
{ DerivedClass DC = new DerivedClass(); ((BaseClass)DC).Method(); }
}

33. Explain what is an Interface in C#?
An Interface in C# is created using the interface keyword. An example is shown below.
using System;
namespace Interfaces
{
interface IBankCustomer
{  void DepositMoney();  void WithdrawMoney();   }
public class Demo : IBankCustomer
{
public void DepositMoney()
{  Console.WriteLine(“Deposit Money”);    }
public void WithdrawMoney()
{  Console.WriteLine(“Withdraw Money”);  }
public static void Main()
{  Demo DemoObject = new Demo();  DemoObject.DepositMoney();  DemoObject.WithdrawMoney();  }
}
}
34. In our example we created IBankCustomer interface. The interface declares 2 methods.
1. void DepositMoney();
2. void WithdrawMoney();
Notice that method declarations does not have access modifiers like public, private, etc. By default all interface members are public. It is a compile time error to use access modifiers on interface member declarations. Also notice that the interface methods have only declarations and not implementation. It is a compile time error to provide implementation for any interface member. In our example as the Demo class is inherited from the IBankCustomer interface, the Demo class has to provide the implementation for both the methods (WithdrawMoney() and DepositMoney()) that is inherited from the interface. If the class fails to provide implementation for any of the inherited interface member, a compile time error will be generated. Interfaces can consist of methods, properties, events, indexers, or any combination of those four member types. When a class or a struct inherits an interface, the class or struct must provide implementation for all of the members declared in the interface. The interface itself provides no functionality that a class or struct can inherit in the way that base class functionality can be inherited. However, if a base class implements an interface, the derived class inherits that implementation.
35. Can an Interface contain fields?
No, an Interface cannot contain fields.
36. What is the difference between class inheritance and interface inheritance?
Classes and structs can inherit from interfaces just like how classes can inherit a base class or struct. However there are 2 differences.
1. A class or a struct can inherit from more than one interface at the same time where as A class or a struct cannot inherit from more than one class at the same time. An example depicting the same is shown below.
using System;
namespace Interfaces
{

interface Interface1
{ void Interface1Method();   }
interface Interface2
{  void Interface2Method();   }
class BaseClass1
{

public void BaseClass1Method()
{   Console.WriteLine(“BaseClass1 Method”);     }
}
class BaseClass2
{
public void BaseClass2Method()
{   Console.WriteLine(“BaseClass2 Method”);    }
}
//Error : A class cannot inherit from more than one class at the same time
//class DerivedClass : BaseClass1, BaseClass2
//{
//}
//A class can inherit from more than one interface at the same time
public class Demo : Interface1, Interface2
{
public void Interface1Method()
{  Console.WriteLine(“Interface1 Method”);   }
public void Interface2Method()
{   Console.WriteLine(“Interface2 Method”);    }
public static void Main()
{  Demo DemoObject = new Demo();
DemoObject.Interface1Method();
DemoObject.Interface2Method();
}
}
}
2. When a class or struct inherits an interface, it inherits only the method names and signatures, because the interface itself contains no implementations.
37. Can an interface inherit from another interface?
Yes, an interface can inherit from another interface. It is possible for a class to inherit an interface multiple times, through base classes or interfaces it inherits. In this case, the class can only implement the interface one time, if it is declared as part of the new class. If the inherited interface is not declared as part of the new class, its implementation is provided by the base class that declared it. It is possible for a base class to implement interface members using virtual members; in that case, the class inheriting the interface can change the interface behavior by overriding the virtual members.
38. Can you create an instance of an interface?
No, you cannot create an instance of an interface.
39. If a class inherits an interface, what are the 2 options available for that class?
Option 1: Provide Implementation for all the members inheirted from the interface.
namespace Interfaces
{
interface Interface1
{  void Interface1Method();   }
class BaseClass1 : Interface1
{
public void Interface1Method()
{  Console.WriteLine(“Interface1 Method”);    }
public void BaseClass1Method()
{   Console.WriteLine(“BaseClass1 Method”);   }
}
}
Option 2: If the class does not wish to provide Implementation for all the members inheirted from the interface, then the class has to be marked as abstract.
namespace Interfaces
{
interface Interface1
{      void Interface1Method();   }

abstract class BaseClass1 : Interface1
{      abstract public void Interface1Method();

public void BaseClass1Method()
{    Console.WriteLine(“BaseClass1 Method”);    }
}
}
40. A class inherits from 2 interfaces and both the interfaces have the same method name as shown below. How should the class implement the drive method for both Car and Bus interface?
namespace Interfaces
{
interface Car
{  void Drive();    }
interface Bus
{  void Drive();   }
class Demo : Car,Bus
{   //How to implement the Drive() Method inherited from Bus and Car    }
}
To implement the Drive() method use the fully qualified name as shown in the example below. To call the respective interface drive method type cast the demo object to the respective interface and then call the drive method.
using System;
namespace Interfaces
{
interface Car
{    void Drive();    }
interface Bus
{    void Drive();    }
class Demo : Car,Bus
{

void Car.Drive()

{     Console.WriteLine(“Drive Car”);      }
void Bus.Drive()
{    Console.WriteLine(“Drive Bus”);       }
static void Main()
{   Demo DemoObject = new Demo();
((Car)DemoObject).Drive();
((Bus)DemoObject).Drive();
}
}
}
41. What do you mean by “Explicitly Implemeting an Interface”. Give an example?
If a class is implementing the inherited interface member by prefixing the name of the interface, then the class is “Explicitly Implemeting an Interface member”. The disadvantage of Explicitly Implemeting an Interface member is that, the class object has to be type casted to the interface type to invoke the interface member. An example is shown below.
using System;
namespace Interfaces
{
interface Car
{   void Drive();   }

class Demo : Car
{

// Explicit implementation of an interface member
void Car.Drive()
{   Console.WriteLine(“Drive Car”);      }
static void Main()
{   Demo DemoObject = new Demo();
//DemoObject.Drive();
// Error: Cannot call explicitly implemented interface method
// using the class object.
// Type cast the demo object to interface type Car
((Car)DemoObject).Drive();
}
}
}

42. Give an example of using querystrings to send data from one page to another?
Query strings are a very simple and popular technique to pass data from one Web page to the next. You send data as part of the URL. In the below example FName and LName are sent as part of the URL. In the page load of QueryStrings2.aspx we use Request.QueryString to read the values. As we are sending more than one query string we use the & symbol to seperate query strings.
//Code to send query strings FName and LName as part of the URL
QueryStrings2.aspx?FName=David&LName=Boon
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//Code to read Query String values
string FirstName = Request.QueryString["FName"];
string LastName = Request.QueryString["LName"];
Response.Write(“Data from QueryStrings1.aspx : ” + FirstName + “, ” + LastName);
}
43. Give an example to send Query Strings from code?
You can send query strings from server side code using the Response.Redirect() method as shown below.
Response.Redirect(“QueryStrings2.aspx?FName=David&LName=Boon”);
44. What are the advantages of using Query Strings?
1. Query strings are easy to implement.
2. Browser support for passing values in a query string is nearly universal.
3. Query strings are contained in the HTTP request for a specific URL and do not require server resources.
45. What are the disadvantages of using querystrings to send data from one page to another?
1. Query strings are insecure because the information in the query string is directly visible to the user on the address line in the browser.
2. Many browsers impose a 255 URL character limit which can limit their flexibility.

46. How do you create an instance of SqlDataReader class?
To create an instance of SqlDataReader class, you must call the ExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object, instead of directly using a constructor.
//Error! Cannot use SqlDataReader() constructor
//to create an instance of SqlDataReader class
SqlDataReader ReaderObject = new SqlDataReader();
//Call the ExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object
SqlCommand CommandObject = new SqlCommand();
SqlDataReader ReaderObject = CommandObject.ExecuteReader();
Creating an instance of SqlDataReader class using SqlDataReader() constructor generates a compile time error – The type ‘System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataReader’ has no constructors defined.
47. How do you programatically check if a specified SqlDataReader instance has been closed?
Use the IsClosed property of SqlDataReader to check if a specified SqlDataReader instance has been closed. If IsClosed property returns true, the SqlDataReader instance has been closed else not closed.
48. How do you get the total number of columns in the current row of a SqlDataReader instance?
FieldCount property can be used to get the total number of columns in the current row of a SqlDataReader instance.
49. Give an example for executing a stored procedure with parameters?
//Create the Connection Object
SqlConnection ConnectionObject = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString);
//Create the Command Object
SqlCommand CommandObject = new SqlCommand(“StoredProcedureName”, ConnectionObject);
//Specify to CommandObject that you intend to execute a Stored Procedure
CommandObject.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
//Create an SQL Parameter object
SqlParameter ParameterObject = new SqlParameter();
//Specify the name of the SQL Parameter
ParameterObject.ParameterName = “Parameter1″;
//Assign the Parameter value
ParameterObject.Value = “Some Value”;
//Specify the Database DataType of the Parameter
ParameterObject.DbType = DbType.String;
//Specify the type of parameter – input-only, output-only, bidirectional
ParameterObject.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;
//Associate the Parameter to the Command Object
CommandObject.Parameters.Add(ParameterObject);
//Open the connection
ConnectionObject.Open();
//Execute the command
int Records_Affected = CommandObject.ExecuteNonQuery();
//Close the Connection
ConnectionObject.Close();
50. What is the use of SqlParameter.Direction Property?
SqlParameter.Direction Property is used to specify the Sql Parameter type – input-only, output-only, bidirectional, or a stored procedure return value parameter. The default is Input.
51. How do you retrieve two tables of data at the same time by using data reader?
Include 2 select statements either in a stored procedure or in a select command and call the ExecuteReader() method on the command object. This will automatically fill the DataReader with 2 Tables of data.
The datareader will always return the data from first table only. If you want to get the second table then you need to use ReaderObject.NextResult() method. The NextResult() method will return true if there is another table. The following code shows you how do it.
//Create the SQL Query with 2 Select statements
string SQLQuery = “Select * from Customers;Select * from Employees;”;
//Create the Connection Object
SqlConnection ConnectionObject = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString);
//Create the Command Object
SqlCommand CommandObject = new SqlCommand(SQLQuery, ConnectionObject);
//Open the connection
ConnectionObject.Open();
//Execute the command. Now reader object will have 2 tables of data.
SqlDataReader ReaderObject = CommandObject.ExecuteReader();
//Loop thru the tables in the DataReader object
while (ReaderObject.NextResult())
{
while (ReaderObject.Read())
{ //Do Something }
}
//Close the Reader
ReaderObject.Close();
//Close the Connection
ConnectionObject.Close();
52. What are the advantages of using SQL stored procedures instead of adhoc SQL queries in an ASP.NET web application?
1.Better Performance : As stored procedures are precompiled objects they execute faster than SQL queries. Every time we run a SQL query, the query has to be first compiled and then executed where as a stored procedure is already compiled. Hence executing stored procedures is much faster than executing SQL queries.
2.Better Security : For a given stored procedure you can specify who has the rights to execute. You cannot do the same for an SQL query. Writing the SQL statements inside our code is usually not a good idea. In this way you expose your database schema (design) in the code which may be changed. Hence most of the time programmers use stored procedures instead of plain SQL statements.
3.Reduced Network Traffic : Stored Procedures reside on the database server. If you have to execute a Stored Procedure from your ASP.NET web application, you just specify the name of the Stored Procedure. So over the network you just send the name of the Stored Procedure. With an SQL query you have to send all the SQL statements over the network to the database server which could lead to increased network traffic.
53. Can you update the database using DataReader object?
No, You cannot update the database using DataReader object. DataReader is read-only, foward only. It reads one record at atime. After DataReader finishes reading the current record, it moves to the next record. There is no way you can go back to the previous record.
54. What is the difference between a DataReader and a DataSet?
DataReader
1. DatReader works on a Connection oriented architecture.
2. DataReader is read only, forward only. It reads one record at atime. After DataReader finishes reading the current record, it moves to the next record. There is no way you can go back to the previous record. So using a DataReader you read in forward direction only.
3. Updations are not possible with DataReader.
4. As DataReader is read only, forward only it is much faster than a DataSet.
DataSet
1. DataSet works on disconnected architecture.
2. Using a DataSet you can move in both directions. DataSet is bi directional.
3. Database can be updated from a DataSet.
4. DataSet is slower than DataReader.
55. Give an example scenario of using a DataSet and a DataReader?
If you want to just read and display the data(No updates, deletes, or inserts) then use a DataReader.
If you want to do a batch inserts, updates and deletes then use a DataSet.

56. How do you provide Secure Communication over the world wide web?
Security is not just a matter of identifying users and preventing unauthorized users from accessing your Web applications, but it’s just as important to ensure that sensitive data sent across the Internet can’t be read by others.
To provide secure communication across the Internet, IIS supports a standardized means of encrypting and decrypting Web requests and responses. This cryptography requires that you request an encryption key called a server certificate from an independent third party called a certificate authority.
57. What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)?
The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is the standard means of ensuring that data sent over the Internet can’t be read by others. When a user requests a secure Web page, the server generates an encryption key for the user’s session and then encrypts the page’s data before sending a response. On the client side, the browser uses that same encryption key to decrypt the requested Web page and to encrypt new requests sent from that page.
58. Explain the process of secure communication using SSL?
Using SSL in your application requires special authorization from a recognized certificate authority. This authorization comes in the form of a server certificate, which you install in IIS to identify your server. The certificate authority licenses server certificates (for a fee) and acts as a clearinghouse to verify your server’s identity over the Internet.
When a user’s browser begins secure communications, it requests the server certificate and checks it against a list of trusted sites provided by the certificate authority. If the server certificate does not match one of the sites already authorized by the user, or if the server certificate does not match the Web address for which it was registered, or if there are any other problems with the server certificate, the browser displays a warning.
In this way, the certificate authority not only provides encryption for secure data transmission, but it also provides assurance to users that your Web site is authentic.
59. What is the largest certificate authority?
The largest certificate authority is VeriSign.
60. What are the steps to follow to use SSL in your Web application?
1. Generate a certificate request from IIS.
2. Request a certificate from a certificate authority.
3. Install the certificate on the server using IIS.
4. Install the certificate on browsers if you are using a test certificate.
5. Use the Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) when accessing secure pages in your application.
61. What should you do before you can request a server certificate from a certificate authority?
Before you can request a server certificate from a certificate authority, you must generate a certificate request from IIS. The certificate request contains encrypted information about your server that the certificate authority uses to identify your server over the Internet.
62. What are the steps to follow to generate a certificate request from the IIS?
1. Select Default Web Site in the console tree of the IIS, and then choose Properties from the Action menu. IIS displays the Default Web Site Properties dialog box.
2. Click the Directory Security tab in the Properties dialog box, and then click Server Certificate. IIS starts the Web Server Certificate Wizard.
3. Step through the wizard by reading each screen and clicking Next. The wizard instructions are straightforward.
4. When you click Finish at the end, the wizard creates an encrypted text file with the .cer file extension. That file is the certificate request that you send to the certificate authority.
63. Why do you have to select Default Web Site when generating a Certificate Request from IIS?
IIS requires that a certificate be created at the server root before secure communications can be created or configured for subordinate sites on the server. That’s why you have to select Default Web Site (or the root Web site if you have renamed it). After you have installed a server certificate at the root, you can repeat the process for subordinate sites if you want separate certificates for those sites.
64. What is the file extension of a server certificate?
.cer
65. What are the steps to follow to install the Certificate to enable SSL for your Web applications?
To install a server certificate in IIS:
1. Select Default Web Site in the console tree of the IIS snap-in, and then choose Properties from the Action menu. IIS displays the Default Web Site Properties dialog box.
2. Click the Directory Security tab in the Properties dialog box, and then click Server Certificate. IIS starts the Web Server Certificate Wizard.
3. Click Next, and select Process The Pending Request And Install The Certificate.
4. Click Next, and enter the name of the certificate file.
5. Click Next, and then click Finish to complete the installation.
66. What is the protocol on which secure pages are generally requested?
HTTPS, the protocol HTTPS is what initializes the secure communication. When you’ve begun secure communication, it continues until you specify a nonsecure site.
67. What are the steps to follow to make a web page secure in a web application?
To require secure communication for a Web page using IIS, follow these steps
1. Select the folder or file that requires secure communication, and then choose Properties from the Action menu. IIS displays the Properties dialog box.
2. Click the Directory Security tab, and then click Edit in the Secure Communications group. IIS displays the Secure Communications dialog box.
3. Select the Require Secure Channel (SSL) check box, and click OK.
68. Can a user access secure web page over HTTP protocol instead of HTTPS?
No, When you require secure communication for a Web page, that page can’t be viewed using HTTP. The user must type in or click a link using HTTPS, otherwise, access will be denied.

69. List all the files in a directory on a web form. The files must be displayed in a gridview control. The name of the file and create date must be displayed.
Answer: Create a new web form. Drag and drop a gridview control from the toolbox onto the webform.
2. Create 2 bound fields for the gridview. One bound field will display the file name and the other will display the create date.
3. The HTML for your web form should be as shown below.
<%@ Page AutoEventWireup=”true” CodeFile=”ListFiles.aspx.cs” Inherits=”ListFiles” %>
<html>
<head runat=”server”>
<title>List all the files in a directory</title>
</head>
<body>
<form runat=”server”>
<asp:GridView runat=”server” AutoGenerateColumns=”False”>
<Columns>
<asp:BoundField DataField=”FileName” HeaderText=”File Name”></asp:BoundField>
<asp:BoundField DataField=”DateCreated” HeaderText=”Date” DataFormatString=”{0:d}”></asp:BoundField>
</Columns>
</asp:GridView>
</form>
</body>
</html>
4. In the code behind file write a function which can get the list of files from the directory and bind to the gridview. The function is as shown below.
private void LoadFiles()
{
/* Create an instance of DirectoryInfo class for enumarating through the directory. */
System.IO.DirectoryInfo dirInfo = new System.IO.DirectoryInfo(Server.MapPath(“FilesDirectory”));
/* Call the GetFiles() instance method of the DirectoryInfo class object, which will return a files list from the current directory */
System.IO.FileInfo[] fiFiles = dirInfo.GetFiles();
/* Create a DataTable which can be used as the datasource for the gridview */
DataTable dtFileList = new DataTable(“Files”);
/* Create a DataColumn for file name */
DataColumn dcFileName = new DataColumn(“FileName”);
/* Create a DataColumn for file create date */
DataColumn dcDateCreated = new DataColumn(“DateCreated”, typeof(DateTime));
/* Add the 2 data columns to the data table */
dtFileList.Columns.Add(dcFileName);
dtFileList.Columns.Add(dcDateCreated);
/* Now loop through each FileInfo object and get the file name and file create date */
foreach (System.IO.FileInfo f in fiFiles)
{
DataRow dtNewRow = dtFileList.NewRow();
/* Get the file name using FileInfo object “Name” property */
dtNewRow["FileName"] = f.Name.ToString();
/* Get the file create date and time using FileInfo object “CreationTime” property */
dtNewRow["DateCreated"] = f.CreationTime.ToShortDateString();
/* Add the row to the DataTable */
dtFileList.Rows.Add(dtNewRow);
}
/* Set the datatable as the DataSource for the gridview and call the DataBind() method */
GridView1.DataSource = dtFileList;
GridView1.DataBind();
}
5. Finally call the LoadFiles() method on the page load event handler as shown below.
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{ LoadFiles(); }
Testing the application:
1. Right click on the project name in solution explorer, and left click on “NewFolder”
2. Rename the “NewFolder” to “FilesDirectory”
3. Drag and Drop some files into the directoy.
4. Then run the application. All the files in the “FilesDirectory” folder will be shown in the gridview.

70. The XML file below has a list of employees. Your job is to bind the employee IDs and Names to a dropdownlist. ID must be dropdownlist value field and name must be the dropdownlist Text field. Also, only the active employees must be binded to the dropdownlist and the names should be in the ascending order. When I select a name from the dropdownlist, the name and ID of the selected employee must be printed on the webform.
Employees.xml
<Employees>
<Employee>
<Name>David</Name>
<ID>101</ID>
<IsActive>true</IsActive>
</Employee>
<Employee>
<Name>Tom</Name>
<ID>102</ID>
<IsActive>true</IsActive>
</Employee>
<Employee>
<Name>Rick</Name>
<ID>103</ID>
<IsActive>false</IsActive>
</Employee>
<Employee>
<Name>Mark</Name>
<ID>104</ID>
<IsActive>true</IsActive>
</Employee>
</Employees>
Code sample:
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
DataSet DS = new DataSet();
DS.ReadXml(Server.MapPath(“Employees.xml”));
DataView DV = DS.Tables["Employee"].DefaultView;
DV.RowFilter = “IsActive=’true’”;
DV.Sort = “Name asc”;
DropDownList1.DataSource = DV;
DropDownList1.DataValueField = “ID”;
DropDownList1.DataTextField = “Name”;
DropDownList1.DataBind();
}
}
protected void DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Write(“Name Is : ” + DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Text + ” and ID is ” + DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Value);
}
Code Explanation:
1. Read the XML data from Employees.xml file into a DataSet. We make use of the ReadXml() method. ReadXml method loads the XML data into the dataset DS. DS.ReadXml(Server.MapPath(“Employees.xml”));
2. Now you have the Data in a relational format in the dataset. Create a DataView on the employees table in the DataSet. The DefaultView property of DataTable returns the DataView.
DataView DV = DS.Tables["Employee"].DefaultView;
3. After you have created the DataView, apply the RowFilter, to select only the active employees. You apply the RowFilter as shown below.
DV.RowFilter = “IsActive=’true’”;
4. Now sort the data in the DataView in ascending order. We sort the data on the Name column. You can apply the sort expression on a dataview as shown below.
DV.Sort = “Name asc”;
5. Finally set the DataSource, DataValueField and DataTextField properties of the dropdownlist and call the DataBind() method as shown in the below code.
DropDownList1.DataSource = DV;
DropDownList1.DataValueField = “ID”;
DropDownList1.DataTextField = “Name”;
DropDownList1.DataBind();
Untill now we have seen how to bind an XML file to dropdownlist. We have also seen how to create a DataView on DataTable. DataView is used for sorting and filtering the data. Now we have to get the SelecteValue and SelectedItem Text of a dropdownlist. To achieve this, follow the below steps.
1. Set the autopostback property of the dropdownlist to true. So, when ever a selection in the dropdownlist changes, the webform is posted back to the server automatically.
2. In the DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged event handler we can capture the employee name and id using the DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Text and DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Value properties as shown below.
protected void DropDownList1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Write(“Name Is : ” + DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Text + ” and ID is ” + DropDownList1.SelectedItem.Value);
}
Note: If you have noticed, we binded the XML file to the dropdownlist only during the initial page load and not during every post back. We do this check by using if(!IsPostBack) property of the page.

71. Please write a sample program that parses the string into a series of substrings where the delimiter between the substrings is “^*!%~” and then reassembles the strings and delimiters into a single new string where each of the substrings is in the reverse order from the original string. The method must return the final string.
Original String:
Token A^*!%~Token B^*!%~Token C^*!%~Token D^*!%~Token E
Output String:
Token E^*!%~Token D^*!%~Token C^*!%~Token B^*!%~Token A
72. The code sample below shows how to solve the above question:
using System;
using System.Text;
namespace GenericsSample
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
string strOriginalString = “Token A^*!%~Token B^*!%~Token C^*!%~Token D^*!%~Token E”;
string[] strSeperator = new string[1];
strSeperator[0] = “^*!%~”;
string[] strArrayIndividualStrings = strOriginalString.Split(strSeperator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
int intLengthOfStringArray = strArrayIndividualStrings.Length;
StringBuilder sbOutputString = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = (intLengthOfStringArray – 1); i >= 0; i–)
{ sbOutputString.Append(strArrayIndividualStrings[i] + strSeperator[0]);}
Console.WriteLine(“Original String : ” + strOriginalString);
Console.WriteLine(“Output String : ” + sbOutputString.ToString());
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
73. Explanation of the above sample program:
1. We take the original string into a string variable strOriginalString. I named this variable as strOriginalString. str indicates that the variable is of string datatype. This will give a good impression to the person who reviews your code bcos you are following the coding standards.
2. I then store the string delimiter “^*!%~” in strSeperator variable. strSeperator is of string array data type. This is bcos the split function expects string array or character array as seprator.
3. I then split the strOriginalString into a string array using the split function.
4. I created a variable sbOutputString to store the Output string. sbOutputString data type is StringBuilder.
5. I then loop thru the array from the highest index to 0 and retrieve the individual strings and append to the sbOutputString. As the output string is changing as we loop thru the array it is good to use StringBuilder rather than System.String. Strings of type System.Text.StringBuilder are mutable where as strings of type System.String are immutable. If a string is manipulated many times always use StringBuilder over System.String.
6. Two good things to remember from this example are, follow the coding standards in naming the variables and always use StringBuilder class over Strings where we manipulate a particular string many times.

74. Create a simple web page, that can read and write to an XML file. The XML file has a list of email ids. The sample web form should have the following functionality. You have 30 minutes to code and test.
1. A TextBox to accept a valid email id.
2. A submit button. When you click the submit button, the email id entered in the TextBox must be saved to the XML file.
3. If I donot enter anything in the TextBox and click the submit button, the application should show a validation message stating “Email is required”.
4. If I enter an invalid email, the application should show a message “Invalid Email”.
5. If javascript is enabled the validation should happen on the client browser without postback. If javascript is disabled the validation should happen on the web server.
6. Finally we should have a list box, which will show all the existing email ids in the XML file. When you submit a new email, the listbox should be reloaded showing the newly added email along with already existing email ids.
Answer:
1. Create a webform and add a TextBox, RequiredFieldValidator, RegularExpressionValidator, Button and a ListBox.
2. Set the RequiredFieldValidator “ErrorMessage” property to “Email Required” and “ControlToValidate” property to “EmailTextBox” and “Display” property to “Dynamic” as shown below.
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator runat=”server” ErrorMessage=”Email Required” ControlToValidate=”EmailTextBox” Display=”Dynamic”></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
3. Set the RegularExpressionValidator “ErrorMessage” property to “Invalid Email” and “ControlToValidate” property to “EmailTextBox” and “Display” property to “Dynamic” as shown below.
<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID=”EmailRegularExpressionValidator” runat=”server” ErrorMessage=”Invalid Email” ControlToValidate=”EmailTextBox” Display=”Dynamic” ValidationExpression=”\w+([-+.']\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*”></asp:RegularExpressionValidator>
4. Set the ListBox, “DataTextField” property to “Email” and DataValueField property to “Email”
5. The complete HTML of the web form should be as shown below.
<%@ Page AutoEventWireup=”true” CodeFile=”Default.aspx.cs” Inherits=”_Default” %>
<html>
<head runat=”server”>
<title>Email List</title>
</head>
<body>
<form runat=”server”>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
Please enter a valid email:
</td>
<td>
<asp:TextBox runat=”server”></asp:TextBox>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator runat=”server” ErrorMessage=”Email Required” ControlToValidate=”EmailTextBox” Display=”Dynamic”></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID=”EmailRegularExpressionValidator” runat=”server” ErrorMessage=”Invalid Email” ControlToValidate=”EmailTextBox” Display=”Dynamic” ValidationExpression=”\w+([-+.']\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*”></asp:RegularExpressionValidator>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
<asp:Button runat=”server” OnClick=”Button1_Click” Text=”Submit” /></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
Existing Email Ids
<br />
<asp:ListBox runat=”server” Height=”292px” Width=”192px” DataTextField=”Email” DataValueField=”Email”></asp:ListBox>
</form>
</body>
</html>
6. Place the XML file that contains the list of email ids in the root folder of the web application. The sample XML file is shown below.
<?xml version=”1.0″ standalone=”yes”?>
<EmailsList>
<Emails>
<Email>dhex@yahoo.com</Email>
</Emails>
<Emails>
<Email>dmexy@aol.com</Email>
</Emails>
<Emails>
<Email>dpitt@gmail.com</Email>
</Emails>
<Emails>
<Email>mston@microsoft.com</Email>
</Emails>
</EmailsList>
7. In the code behind file, write a function the can read the email ids from the XML file into a DataSet. Set this DataSet as the DataSource for the ListBox and call the DataBind() method. The function should be as shown below.
private void LoadExistingEmails()
{
DataSet DS = new DataSet();
DS.ReadXml(Server.MapPath(“Emails.xml”));
ListBox1.DataSource = DS;
ListBox1.DataBind();
}
8. Call the above LoadExistingEmails() function in the Page_Load event handler as shown in the sample code below.
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
LoadExistingEmails();
}
9. Finally, when you click the submit button write to the XML file as shown below.
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (Page.IsValid)
{
DataSet DS = new DataSet();
DS.ReadXml(Server.MapPath(“Emails.xml”));
DataRow DR = DS.Tables[0].NewRow();
DR["Email"] = EmailTextBox.Text;
DS.Tables[0].Rows.Add(DR);
DS.WriteXml(Server.MapPath(“Emails.xml”));
LoadExistingEmails();
}
}
Points to remember:
1. Validation controls work both on the client and on the server.
2. If javascript is enabled validations happen on the client browser without posting the page back to the server.
3. If javascript is disabled, validations happen on the server. To check if all the validation controls haved passed validation, use Page.IsValid property.
4. Page.IsValid returns “true” if the page has succeeded validation and “false” even if a single validation control has filed validation.
5. In our example, we write to the XML file only if Page.IsValid property returns true.
Testing the sample application:
To test if the validation controls are working on the server, disable javascript on the client browser. To disable javascript on the client browser follow the below steps.
1. Open internet explorer.
2. Click on Tools.
3. Click on Internet Options. You will see Internet Options dialog page.
4. Click on the Security tab.
5. On the Security tab, select Local intranet under Select a zone to view or change security settings.
6. Click “Custom Level” button under “Security Level for this zone”
7. On the “Security Setting – Local Intranet Zone” dialog page, scroll down to “Scripting” section.
8. Select “Disable” radio button under “Active scription” and click “OK” button.

75. Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.exe in the page loading process.
inetinfo.exe is theMicrosoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things.When an ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with .aspx extension), the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of it by passing the request tothe actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.

76. What’s the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?
Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output.

77. What methods are fired during the page load?
Init() – when the page is instantiated
Load() – when the page is loaded into server memory
PreRender() – the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML
Unload() – when page finishes loading.

78. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?
After the Init() and before the Page_Load(), or OnLoad() for a control.

79. What namespace does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
System.Web.UI.Page

80. Where do you store the information about the user’s locale?
System.Web.UI.Page.Culture

81. What’s the difference between Codebehind=”MyCode.aspx.cs” andSrc=”MyCode.aspx.cs”?
CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.

82. What’s a bubbled event?
When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.

83. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver for a certain button.  Where do you add an event handler?
Add an OnMouseOver attribute to the button.  Example:btnSubmit.Attributes.Add(“onmouseover”,”someClientCodeHere();”);

84. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?
Integer, String, and Date.

85. Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?
Server-side code executes on the server.  Client-side code executes in the client’s browser.

86. What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?
The answer is server-side code since code-behind is executed on the server.  However, during the code-behind’s execution on the server, it can render client-side code such as JavaScript to be processed in the clients browser.  But just to be clear, code-behind executes on the server, thus making it server-side code.

87. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side?  Why?
All user input data validation should occur on the server at a minimum.  Additionally, client-side validation can be performed where deemed appropriate and feasable to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.

89. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?  Why would I choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer transfers page processing from one page directly to the next page without making a round-trip back to the client’s browser.  This provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server.  Server.Transfer does not update the clients url history list or current url.  Response.Redirect is used to redirect the user’s browser to another page or site.  This performas a trip back to the client where the client’s browser is redirected to the new page.  The user’s browser history list is updated to reflect the new address.

90. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?
Valid answers are:
·  A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
·  A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
·  Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
·  There’s no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
·  DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
·  You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
·  Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.

91. What is the Global.asax used for?
The Global.asax (including the Global.asax.cs file) is used to implement application and session level events.

92. What are the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines used for?
This is where you can set the specific variables for the Application and Session objects.

93. Can you explain what inheritance is and an example of when you might use it?
When you want to inherit (use the functionality of) another class.  Example: With a base class named Employee, a Manager class could be derived from the Employee base class.

94. Whats an assembly?
Assemblies are the building blocks of the .NET framework.

95. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.
Inline code written along side the html in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.

96. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?
The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML.  A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.

97. Whats MSIL, and why should my developers need an appreciation of it if at all?
MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language. All .NET compatible languages will get converted to MSIL.  MSIL also allows the .NET Framework to JIT compile the assembly on the installed computer.

98. Which method do you invoke on the DataAdapter control to load your generated dataset with data?
The Fill() method.

99. Can you edit data in the Repeater control?
No, it just reads the information from its data source.

100. Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
ItemTemplate.

• SharePoint is an enterprise information portal, from Microsoft, that can be configured to run Intranet, Extranet and Internet sites.
• Share point helps team members to connect and exchange information in a collaborative manner.
• SharePoint is a platform for administrators, developers, and information workers.

Microsoft has divided share point products in two parts.

• WSS (Windows SharePoint services)
• MOSS (Microsoft Office SharePoint server)

Windows SharePoint Services: is the platform on which all SharePoint Products and Technologies are built. WSS is for is suitable for small teams, projects and organizations.

Microsoft Office SharePoint server : MOSS has extra functionalities in other words value added services.
WSS + Additional Functionalities = MOSS

Top 10 Benefits of Windows SharePoint Services

• Improve team productivity with easy-to-use collaborative tools .
• Easily manage documents and help ensure integrity of content .
• Get users up to speed quickly .
• Deploy solutions tailored to your business processes .
• Build a collaboration environment quickly and easily .
• Reduce the complexity of securing business information .
• Provide sophisticated controls for securing company resources .
• Take file sharing to a new level with robust storage capabilities .
• Easily scale your collaboration solution to meet business needs .
• Provide a cost-effective foundation for building Web-based applications .

Top 10 Benefits Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007

• Provide a simple, familiar, and consistent user experience.
• Boost employee productivity by simplifying everyday business activities.
• Help meet regulatory requirements through comprehensive control over content.
• Effectively manage and repurpose content to gain increased business value.
• Simplify organization-wide access to both structured and unstructured information across disparate systems.
• Connect people with information and expertise.
• Accelerate shared business processes across organizational boundaries.
• Share business data without divulging sensitive information.
• Enable people to make better-informed decisions by presenting business-critical information in one central location.
• Provide a single, integrated platform to manage intranet, extranet, and Internet applications across the enterprise.

SQL Server built-in functions are either deterministic or nondeterministic.

• Functions are deterministic when they always return the same result any time they are called by using a specific set of input values.
• Functions are nondeterministic when they could return different results every time they are called, even with the same specific set of input values.

String Functions

1.LEN (string) - Returns the number of characters of the specified string expression, excluding trailing blanks.

2.LTRIM (string) - LTRIM function to return a character expression after removing leading spaces.

3. RTRIM (string) - RTRIM function to return a character expression after removing trailing spaces.

4. LEFT (string, length) – Returns the specified number of characters from the beginning of the string.

5. RIGTH (string, length) - Returns the specified number of characters from the end of the string.

6. SUBSTRING (string, start, length) – Returns the specified number of characters from the string starting at the specified position.

7. REPLACE (search, find, replace) - Returns the search string with all occurrences of the find string replaced with the replace string.

8. REVERSE (string) – Returns the string with the character in reverse order.

9. CHARINDEX (find, search [, start]) – Returns an integer that represents the position of the first occurrence of the find string in the search string starting at the specified position. If the starting position isn’t specified, the search starts at the beginning of the string. If the staring isn’t found, the functions returns zero.

10. PATINDEX (find, search [, start]) – PATINDEX is useful with text data types; it can be used in a WHERE clause in addition to IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, and LIKE (the only other comparisons that are valid on text in a WHERE clause). If either pattern or expression is NULL, PATINDEX returns NULL when the database compatibility level is 70. If the database compatibility level is 65 or earlier, PATINDEX returns NULL only when both pattern and expression are NULL.

11. LOWER (string) – Returns the string converted to lowercase letters.

12. UPPER (string) – Returns the string converted to uppercase letters.

13. SPACE (integer) - Returns the string with the specified number of space characters (blanks).